1203-CN1
1203-CN1
1203-CN1
从PLC控制系统与电器控制系统比较可知，PLC的用户程序（软件）代替了继电器控制电路（硬件）。因此，对于使用者来说，可以将PLC等效成是许许多多各种各样的“软继电器”和“软接线”的集合，而用户程序就是用“软接线”将“软继电器”及其“触点”按一定要求连接起来的“控制电路”。
为了更好的理解这种等效关系，下面通过一个例子来说明。如图1所示为三相异步电动机单向起动运行的电器控制系统。其中，由输入设备SB1、SB2、FR的触点构成系统的输入部分，由输出设备KM构成系统的输出部分。
图1 三相异步电动机单向运行电器控制系统
a）主电路 b）控制电路
如果用PLC来控制这台三相异步电动机，组成一个PLC控制系统，根据上述分析可知，系统主电路不变，只要将输入设备SB1、SB2、FR的触点与PLC的输入端连接，输出设备KM线圈与PLC的输出端连接，就构成PLC控制系统的输入、输出硬件线路。而控制部分的功能则由PLC的用户程序来实现，其等效电路如图2所示。
图2 PLC的等效电路
图中，输入设备SB1、SB2、FR与PLC内部的“软继电器”X0、X1、X2的“线圈”对应，由输入设备控制相对应的“软继电器”的状态，即通过这些“软继电器”将外部输入设备状态变成PLC内部的状态，这类“软继电器”称为输入继电器；同理，输出设备KM与PLC内部的“软继电器”Y0对应，由“软继电器”Y0状态控制对应的输出设备KM的状态，即通过这些“软继电器”将PLC内部状态输出，以控制外部输出设备，这类“软继电器”称为输出继电器。
因此，PLC用户程序要实现的是：如何用输入继电器X0、X1、X2来控制输出继电器Y0。当控制要求复杂时，程序中还要采用PLC内部的其它类型的“软继电器”，如辅助继电器、定时器、计数器等，以达到控制要求。
要注意的是，PLC等效电路中的继电器并不是实际的物理继电器，它实质上是存储器单元的状态。单元状态为“１”，相当于继电器接通；单元状态为“０”，则相当于继电器断开。因此，我们称这些继电器为“软继电器”。
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